As far as I know, sleep deprivation does not affect eyesight (in extreme cases of sleep deprivation, people have reported seeing hallucinations, but that usually happens only after being awake for long periods like over 40 hours).

Many people develop eye problems over time, and their eyesight deteriorates. A major factor in eyesight deterioration is eye strain. It is possible that during the period that you weren't getting enough sleep you were also suffering from chronic eyestrain, and this is what caused your eyesight to get worse.